Biomarkers for graft-versus-host disease

ABSTRACT

Biomarkers are provided that are predictive of a subject&#39;s responsiveness to a JAK inhibitor. The biomarkers, compositions, and methods described herein are useful in selecting appropriate treatment modalities for a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 62/913,282, filed Oct. 10, 2019. The content of the prior application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to biomarkers and Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

BACKGROUND

Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD) occurs when immunologically competent cells transferred to an allogeneic recipient attack tissues in the recipient. Tissues of the skin, gut epithelia, and liver are often targets and may be destroyed during the course of GvHD. The disease presents an especially severe problem when immune tissue is being transplanted, such as in bone marrow transplantation. GvHD is the second leading cause of death following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. GvHD can also occur following other transplants, such as heart and liver transplants.

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been developed as agents for the treatment of GvHD. However, as for any therapeutic, JAK inhibitors may not be equally effective in all subjects that have GvHD. There is a need for means of identifying those subjects having GvHD that could most benefit from treatment with a JAK inhibitor as well as identifying those subjects that exhibit a therapeutic response to treatment with a JAK inhibitor.

SUMMARY

The present application is based, at least in part, on the identification of biomarkers that are predictive of a GvHD subject's responsiveness to a JAK inhibitor and biomarkers that identify a subject that has undergone a therapeutic response to a JAK inhibitor. The level of certain proteins (e.g., the proteins listed in Table 1 and Table 2) prior to treatment is identified as a useful predictor of responsiveness to a JAK inhibitor. In addition, the change in level of certain proteins (e.g., the proteins listed in Table 5) during the course of treatment is identified as a useful identifier of responsiveness to a JAK inhibitor. Thus, the biomarkers and compositions described herein are useful, for example, in identifying, stratifying, and/or selecting a patient or a subset of patients having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD that could benefit, or have benefitted, from treatment with a JAK inhibitor. In addition, the methods described herein are useful, for example, in selecting appropriate treatment modalities (e.g., a JAK inhibitor) for a subject suffering from, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD.

The disclosure features a method of treating a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD by administering to the human subject a JAK inhibitor, wherein the human subject has been previously determined to have (i) a baseline concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, and SPON2 in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is lower than a control, and/or (ii) a baseline concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is higher than a control. In some embodiments, the human subject has been previously determined to have (i) a baseline concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, and FGR in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is lower than a control, and/or (ii) a baseline concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 proteins) selected from the group consisting of NBL1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is higher than a control.

The disclosure also features a method of treating a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD, by: providing a biological sample obtained from the human subject; measuring in the biological sample a reduced concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, and SPON2, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2; and administering a JAK inhibitor to the human subject. In some embodiments, the method comprises: providing a biological sample obtained from the human subject; measuring in the biological sample a reduced concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, and FGR, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 proteins) selected from the group consisting of CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2; and administering a JAK inhibitor to the human subject.

The disclosure also features a method of predicting the response of a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD to a JAK inhibitor, by: providing a biological sample obtained from the subject before the JAK inhibitor; and measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, SPON2, NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in the biological sample, wherein a reduced concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, and SPON2, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 is predictive that the subject will respond to the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the method comprises: providing a biological sample obtained from the subject before the JAK inhibitor; and measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in the biological sample, wherein a reduced concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, and FGR, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11) of CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 is predictive that the subject will respond to the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the control is a pre-established cut-off value.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the control is the concentration of the protein in a sample or samples obtained from one or more subjects that have not responded to treatment with the JAK inhibitor.

The disclosure also features a method for measuring the amount of a protein in a sample, by: providing a biological sample obtained from a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD; and measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, SPON2, NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in the biological sample. In some embodiments, the method comprises: providing a biological sample obtained from a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD; and measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in the biological sample.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the concentrations of no more than 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, or 5 proteins are measured.

The disclosure also features a method of treating a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD, by: measuring, in a first biological sample obtained from the human subject prior to administering a JAK inhibitor, the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINKI, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, ROR1, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLEC11A, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSF10A, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIG1, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLEC1A, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSF13, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, Nr-CAM, PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICA1, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSAB1, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPLI, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CAi3, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBPlB, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA; administering the JAK inhibitor to the human subject; and measuring, in a second biological sample obtained from the human subject after administering the JAK inhibitor, a reduced concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICA1, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSAB1, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPL1, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CA13, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBPlB, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINKI, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, RORI, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECIA, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSF10A, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIGI, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNTO, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLECIA, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSFi3, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, and Nr-CAM. In some embodiments, the method comprises: measuring, in a first biological sample obtained from the human subject prior to administering a JAK inhibitor, the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hKI1, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA; administering the JAK inhibitor to the human subject; and measuring, in a second biological sample obtained from the human subject after administering the JAK inhibitor, a reduced concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 proteins) selected from the group consisting ofTNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, and Gal-3.

The disclosure also features a method of identifying a therapeutic response of a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD to a JAK inhibitor, by: providing a first biological sample obtained from the human subject before administering the JAK inhibitor; measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINKI, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, RORI, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECIA, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSF10A, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIGI, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLECIA, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSFi3, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, Nr-CAM, PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICAi, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSABI, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPLI, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CAi3, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBP1B, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2DIA, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, STIA1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA in the first biological sample; providing a second biological sample obtained from the subject after administering the JAK inhibitor; and measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Ft3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINKI, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, RORI, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECIA, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSF10A, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIGI, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLECIA, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSFi3, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, Nr-CAM, PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICA1, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSABI, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPLI, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CAi3, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBP1B, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, STIA1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA in the second biological sample, wherein a reduced concentration in the second biological sample, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICA1, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSAB1, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPL1, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CA13, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBP1B, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, STIA1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and/or IL2-RA, and/or an increased concentration in the second biological sample, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINKI, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, RORI, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECIA, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSF10A, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIG1, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLECIA, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSFi3, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, and/orNr-CAM indicates that the human subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the method comprises: providing a first biological sample obtained from the human subject before administering the JAK inhibitor; measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hKI1, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA in the first biological sample; providing a second biological sample obtained from the subject after administering the JAK inhibitor; and measuring the concentration of at least one protein (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 proteins) selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA in the second biological sample, wherein a reduced concentration in the second biological sample, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18) of TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and/or IL2-RA, and/or an increased concentration in the second biological sample, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, and/or Gal-3 indicates that the human subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the control is a pre-established cut-off value.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the control is the concentration of the protein in a sample or samples obtained from one or more subjects that have not responded to treatment with the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the concentrations of no more than 20 proteins are measured.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the concentrations of no more than 10 proteins are measured.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the biological sample is blood, serum, plasma, urine, spinal fluid, saliva, lacrimal fluid, or sweat. In some embodiments, the biological sample is blood, serum, or plasma.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the concentration of the protein is measured by an immunological method. The immunological method can be, for example, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, latex turbidimetric immunoassay, latex photometric immunoassay, immuno-chromatographic assay, or western blotting.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the concentration of the protein is measured by mass spectrometry.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the JAK inhibitor is ruxolitinib.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the JAK inhibitor is itacitinib, 4-[3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(3′,5′-dimethyl-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazol-1-yl)azetidin-1-yl]-2,5-difluoro-N-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethyl]benzamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or ((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, a second therapeutic agent is administered to the human subject in combination with the JAK inhibitor. The second therapeutic agent can be, for example, a corticosteroid (e.g., methylprednisolone or prednisone), methotrexate, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, antithymocyte globulin, alemtuzumab, cyclophosphamide, ibrutinib, imatinib, infliximab, etanercept, tocilizumab, alemtuzumab, basiliximab, daclizumab, rituximab, denileukin diftitox, pentostatin, ciclosporin, thalidomide, halofuginone, hydroxychloroquine, or mesenchymal stem cells. The JAK inhibitor and the second therapeutic agent can be administered simultaneously or sequentially.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the GvHD is acute GvHD.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the GvHD is chronic GvHD.

The term “baseline concentration” of protein refers to the concentration of a protein in a subject prior to initiation of treatment with a JAK inhibitor.

The term “reduced concentration” means a concentration of the protein being analyzed that is lower than the concentration of that protein in a control or in a previous sample. For example, the concentration of the protein being analyzed can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 times lower, or at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1,000%, 1,500%, 2,000%, 2,500%, 3,000%, 3,500%, 4,000%, 4,500%, or 5,000% lower, than the concentration of that protein in a control.

The term “increased concentration” means a concentration of the protein being analyzed that is higher than the concentration of that protein in a control or in a previous sample. For example, the concentration of the protein being analyzed can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 times higher, or at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1,000%, 1,500%, 2,000%, 2,500%, 3,000%, 3,500%, 4,000%, 4,500%, or 5,000% higher, than the concentration of that protein in a control.

The term “respond to a therapy” means that the subject administered with the therapy shows a positive response to the JAK inhibitor therapy provided.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the exemplary methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present application, including definitions, will control. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This disclosure provides methods and compositions for treating a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD with a JAK inhibitor. The disclosure provides predictive biomarkers (e.g., protein expression levels) to identify those subjects having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing GvHD for whom administering a JAK inhibitor is likely to be effective.

Graft Versus Host Disease

GvHD occurs when donor T cells respond to genetically defined proteins (including but not limited to Human Leukocyte Antigens) on host cells. Acute GvHD is generally defined to occur prior to day 100 post-transplant, whereas chronic GvHD occurs after that time.

The clinical manifestations of acute GvHD occur in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. Skin is the most commonly affected organ in acute GvHD and is usually the first organ involved, often coinciding with engraftment of donor cells. The characteristic maculopapular rash is pruritic and can spread throughout the body. In severe cases, the skin may blister and ulcerate. Other features include dyskeratosis, exocytosis of lymphocytes, satellite lymphocytes adjacent to dyskeratotic epidermal keratinocytes, and a perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the dermis.

Gastrointestinal tract involvement of acute GvHD usually presents as diarrhea but may also include vomiting, anorexia, and/or abdominal pain. The histologic features of liver disease caused by GvHD are endothelialitis, lymphocytic infiltration of the portal areas, pericholangitis, and bile duct destruction.

Chronic GvHD is the major cause of late non-relapse death following hematopoietic cell transplant. Its presentation may be progressive (e.g., acute GvHD merging into chronic GvHD), quiescent (acute GvHD that resolves completely but is later followed by chronic GvHD), or it may occur de novo. Older recipient age and a history of acute GvHD are the greatest risk factors for chronic GvHD. Clinical signs of chronic GvHD often first appear in the buccal mucosa.

Methods of Predicting Responsiveness to a JAK Inhibitor

Several proteins have been identified in the Examples whose expression levels are useful in predicting responsiveness (e.g., improvement in disease scores and/or disease resolution) of a subject having GvHD to a JAK inhibitor. These proteins are listed in Tables 1 and 2.

TABLE 1 Biomarkers Exhibiting Reduced Expression in GvHD Subjects that Respond to Treatment with a JAK inhibitor as Compared to Control Subjects that do not Respond Proteins IL8 LCN2 SIGLEC1 WISP-1 IL-24 CCL19 HAVCR2 OPN IL6 MFGE8 SELE SEMA4C AREG U-PAR NUCB2 ADM CXCL1 CEACAM8 CXCL16 DKK3 CXCL1 CAIX BTN3A2 LTBR G-CSF CLEC4D GLRX TNFRSF10A CCL20 CD163 FUT3/FUT5 CLEC10A MMP-1 TRAIL-R2 LILRB4 PDGF-R-alpha CXCL5 CLM-1 MSLN SHPS-1 MMP12 DPP10 MCP-1 TNFRSF14 CHRDL2 NCF2 CD38 NID2 SIGLEC10 MMP-9 DSC2 VCAM1 KRT19 B4GALT1 SLAMF7 ANGPTL1 CXCL6 PTPRJ PARP-1 LTA4H RETN IL-1RT2 IL-27 WFDC2 CD177 TMSB10 PCSK9 IFN-gamma-R1 MUC-16 FSTL3 LAIR1 PTX3 TNFRSF6B FGR EPHA2 COL1A1 CKAP4 CCL3 AGRP NID1 CHI3L1 CLEC7A ADAM 8 NECTIN2 ST2 JAM-A IL-18R1 Siglec-9 TNFSF14 CAPG OPG EPHB4 PGLYRP1 TNF-R1 IGFBP-2 CRIM1 IL-4RA TFF2 VIM MCFD2 SLAMF8 VSIG4 TIMP1 SPON2

TABLE 2 Biomarkers Exhibiting Increased Expression in GvHD Subjects that Respond to Treatment with a JAK inhibitor as Compared to Control Subjects that do not Respond Proteins NBL1 F7 CRTAC1 SCF AOC3 CLUL1 SERPINA9 GAL PLTP TNFB CNDP1 SERPINA5 KIT AGR3 GDF-8 PON3 F11 TRANCE sFRP-3 CTRC TWEAK APOM SCGB3A1 REG4 NCAM1 FGF-BP1 CGA CCL25 CTSV CNTN5 GCG FABP2 NTRK3

A reduced protein concentration compared to a control of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14) proteins listed in Table 1 is indicative/predictive that a subject that has, is suspected of having, or is at risk of developing GvHD will respond to a JAK inhibitor. For example, low concentrations (compared to a control) of IL8 protein in a biological sample obtained from a subject prior to treatment with the JAK inhibitor are predictive that the subject will respond to the JAK inhibitor.

An increased protein concentration compared to a control of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) proteins listed in Table 2 is indicative/predictive that a subject that has, is suspected of having, or is at risk of developing GvHD will respond to a JAK inhibitor. For example, increased concentrations (compared to a control) of NBL1 protein in a biological sample obtained from a subject prior to treatment with the JAK inhibitor are predictive that the subject will respond to the JAK inhibitor.

A reduced protein concentration compared to a control of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14) proteins listed in Table 1 combined with an increased protein concentration compared to a control of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) proteins listed in Table 2 is indicative/predictive that a subject that has, is suspected of having, or is at risk of developing GvHD will respond to a inhibitor. For example, low concentrations (compared to a control) of IL8 protein and increased concentrations (compared to a control) of NBL1 protein in a biological sample obtained from a subject prior to treatment with the JAK inhibitor are predictive that the subject will respond to the JAK inhibitor. In another example, low concentrations (compared to a control) of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, and/or SPON2 proteins and increased concentrations (compared to a control) of NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and/or FABP2 proteins in a biological sample obtained from a subject prior to treatment with the JAK inhibitor are predictive that the subject will respond to the JAK inhibitor. In yet another example, low concentrations (compared to a control) of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, and/or FGR proteins and increased concentrations (compared to a control) of CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and/or FABP2 proteins in a biological sample obtained from a subject prior to treatment with the JAK inhibitor are predictive that the subject will respond to the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the GvHD is acute GvHD. In other embodiments, the GvHD is chronic GvHD.

Controls

As described above, the methods of the present invention can involve, measuring the concentration of one or more proteins (e.g., one or more proteins depicted in Table 1 and/or Table 2) in a biological sample from a subject having, suspected of having or at risk of developing GvHD, wherein the concentration of one or more proteins, compared to a control, predicts the response of a subject to treatment comprising a JAK inhibitor. In certain embodiments, when the concentration of a protein in Table 1 in a biological sample from a subject having, suspected of having or at risk of developing GvHD is lower than the control, the subject is identified as likely to respond to a JAK inhibitor. In other embodiments, when the concentration of a protein in Table 2 in a biological sample from a subject having, suspected of having or at risk of developing GvHD is higher than the control, the subject is identified as likely to respond to a JAK inhibitor. In this context, the term “control” includes a sample (from the same tissue type) obtained from a subject who is known to not respond to a JAK inhibitor. The term “control” also includes a sample (from the same tissue type) obtained in the past from a subject who is known to not respond to a JAK inhibitor and used as a reference for future comparisons to test samples taken from subjects for which therapeutic responsiveness is to be predicted. The “control” expression level/concentration for a particular protein in a particular cell type or tissue may be pre-established by an analysis of protein expression in one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 or more) subjects, of the same species, that have not responded to treatment with a JAK inhibitor. This pre-established reference value (which may be an average or median expression level/concentration taken from multiple subjects that have not responded to the therapy) may then be used for the “control” concentration/expression level of the protein in the comparison with the test sample. In such a comparison, the subject is predicted to respond to a JAK inhibitor if the expression level of the protein being analyzed is lower (Table 1) or higher (Table 2) than the pre-established reference.

The “control” concentration for a particular protein in a particular cell type or tissue may alternatively be pre-established by an analysis of protein expression in one or more subjects that have responded to treatment with a JAK inhibitor. This pre-established reference value (which may be an average or median expression level taken from multiple subjects that have responded to the therapy) may then be used as the “control” expression level in the comparison with the test sample. In such a comparison, the subject is predicted to respond to a JAK inhibitor if the concentration of the protein being analyzed is the same as, or comparable to (e.g., at least 85% but less than 100% of), the pre-established reference.

In certain embodiments, the “control” is a pre-established cut-off value. A cut-off value is typically a concentration of a protein above or below which is considered predictive of responsiveness of a subject to a therapy of interest. Thus, in accordance with the methods and compositions described herein, a reference protein concentration (e.g., of a protein of Table 1 or Table 2) is identified as a cut-off value, above or below of which is predictive of responsiveness to a JAK inhibitor. Cut-off values determined for use in the methods described herein can be compared with, e.g., published ranges of concentrations but can be individualized to the methodology used and patient population.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the protein being analyzed is reduced as compared to the concentration of that protein in a control. For example, the concentration of the protein being analyzed can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 times lower, or at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1,000%, 1,500%, 2,000%, 2,500%, 3,000%, 3,500%, 4,000%, 4,500%, or 5,000% lower, than the concentration of that protein in a control.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the protein being analyzed is increased as compared to the concentration of that protein in a control. For example, the concentration of the protein being analyzed can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 50, 75, or 100 times higher, or at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1,000%, 1,500%, 2,000%, 2,500%, 3,000%, 3,500%, 4,000%, 4,500%, or 5,000% higher, than the concentration of that protein in a control.

Methods of Identifying Therapeutic Responsiveness to a JAK Inhibitor

Several proteins have been identified in the Examples whose expression levels, in subjects who respond to treatment with a JAK inhibitor, change during the course of treatment and are therefore useful in identifying therapeutic responsiveness (e.g., improvement in disease scores and/or disease resolution) of a subject having GvHD to a JAK inhibitor. These proteins are identified in Table 5.

A reduced protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from a subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICA1, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSAB1, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPL1, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CA13, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBP1B, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and/or IL2-RA is indicative that the subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, a reduced protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from a subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and/or IL2-RA is indicative that the subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor.

An increased protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from a subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINK1, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, RORI, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECIA, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSF10A, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIGI, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLECIA, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSFi3, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, and/or Nr-CAM is indicative that the subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, an increased protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from a subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hKI1, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, and/or Gal-3 is indicative that the subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor.

A reduced protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from a subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICA1, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSAB1, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPL1, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CA13, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBPlB, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, STIA1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and/or IL2-RA combined with an increased protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from the subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIMI, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINKI, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, RORI, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECIA, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSF10A, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIG1, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLEC1A, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSF13, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, and/orNr-CAM is indicative that the subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, a reduced protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from a subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18) ofTNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, IL2-RA combined with an increased protein concentration in a biological sample obtained from the subject after treatment with a JAK inhibitor, as compared to the baseline expression level in a biological sample obtained from the subject before treatment with a JAK inhibitor, of one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, and/or Gal-3 is indicative that the subject has undergone a therapeutic response to the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the GvHD is acute GvHD. In other embodiments, the GvHD is chronic GvHD.

Biological Samples

Suitable biological samples for the methods described herein include any biological fluid, cell, tissue, or fraction thereof, which includes proteins of interest. A biological sample can be, for example, a specimen obtained from a human subject or can be derived from such a subject. For example, a biological sample can be a biological fluid such as blood, serum, plasma, urine, spinal fluid, saliva, lacrimal fluid, or sweat, or such a sample absorbed onto a substrate (e.g., glass, polymer, or paper).

A biological sample can be obtained from a subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing, GvHD. In certain embodiments, the subject has acute GvHD. In some embodiments, the subject has chronic GvHD.

Methods for obtaining and/or storing samples that preserve the activity or integrity of molecules (e.g., proteins) in the sample are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, a biological sample can be further contacted with one or more additional agents such as buffers and/or inhibitors, including one or more of nuclease, protease, and phosphatase inhibitors, which preserve or minimize changes in the molecules in the sample.

Determining Expression Levels/Concentrations of Biomarkers

The presence or expression level (amount) of a gene can be determined by detecting and/or measuring the level of protein expression of the gene.

In one embodiment, the expression of a gene can be determined by detecting and/or measuring expression or concentration of a protein encoded by the gene. Methods of determining protein expression/concentration are well known in the art. A generally used method involves the use of antibodies specific for the target protein of interest. For example, methods of determining protein expression include, but are not limited to, western blot or dot blot analysis, immunohistochemistry (e.g., quantitative immunohistochemistry), immunocytochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT; Coligan, J. E., et al., eds. (1995) Current Protocols in Immunology. Wiley, New York), radioimmunoassay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, latex turbidimetric immunoassay, latex photometric immunoassay, immuno-chromatographic assay, and antibody array analysis (see, e.g., U.S. Publication Nos. 20030013208 and 2004171068, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).

In one example, the presence or amount of protein expression of a gene (e.g., a gene depicted in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 5) can be determined using a western blotting technique. For example, a lysate can be prepared from a biological sample, or the biological sample itself, can be contacted with Laemmli buffer and subjected to sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE-resolved proteins, separated by size, can then be transferred to a filter membrane (e.g., nitrocellulose) and subjected to immunoblotting techniques using a detectably-labeled antibody specific to the protein of interest. The presence or amount of bound detectably-labeled antibody indicates the presence or amount of protein in the biological sample.

In another example, an immunoassay can be used for detecting and/or measuring the protein expression of a gene (e.g., a gene depicted in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 5). As above, for the purposes of detection, an immunoassay can be performed with an antibody that bears a detection moiety (e.g., a fluorescent agent or enzyme). Proteins from a biological sample can be conjugated directly to a solid-phase matrix (e.g., a multi-well assay plate, nitrocellulose, agarose, sepharose, encoded particles, or magnetic beads) or it can be conjugated to a first member of a specific binding pair (e.g., biotin or streptavidin) that attaches to a solid-phase matrix upon binding to a second member of the specific binding pair (e.g., streptavidin or biotin). Such attachment to a solid-phase matrix allows the proteins to be purified away from other interfering or irrelevant components of the biological sample prior to contact with the detection antibody and also allows for subsequent washing of unbound antibody. Here as above, the presence or amount of bound detectably-labeled antibody indicates the presence or amount of protein in the biological sample.

There is no particular restriction as to the form of the antibody and the present disclosure includes polyclonal antibodies, as well as monoclonal antibodies. The antiserum obtained by immunizing animals, such as rabbits with a protein or fragment thereof (i.e., a protein or an immunological fragment thereof from Table 1, Table 2, or Table 5), as well polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies of all classes, human antibodies, and humanized antibodies produced by genetic recombination, are also included. Antibodies or antibody fragments specific for a protein encoded by one or more biomarkers can also be generated by in vitro methods such as phage display. Moreover, the antibody may be an antibody fragment or modified-antibody, so long as it binds to a protein encoded by a biomarker of the invention. For instance, Fab, F (ab′) 2, Fv, or single chain Fv (scFv) in which the H chain Fv and the L chain Fv are suitably linked by a linker (Huston et al., Proc. Nal. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:5879-5883, (1988)) can be given as antibody fragments.

The antibodies may be conjugated to various molecules, such as fluorescent substances, radioactive substances, and luminescent substances. Methods to attach such moieties to an antibody are already established and conventional in the field (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,057,313 and 5,156,840).

Examples of methods that assay the antigen-binding activity of the antibodies include, for example, measurement of absorbance, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and/or immunofluorescence. For example, when using ELISA, a protein encoded by a biomarker of the invention is added to a plate coated with the antibodies of the present disclosure, and then, the antibody sample, for example, culture supernatants of antibody-producing cells, or purified antibodies are added. Then, secondary antibody recognizing the primary antibody, which is labeled by alkaline phosphatase and such enzymes, is added, the plate is incubated and washed, and the absorbance is measured to evaluate the antigen-binding activity after adding an enzyme substrate such as p-nitrophenyl phosphate. As the protein, a protein fragment, for example, a fragment comprising a C-terminus, or a fragment comprising an N-terminus may be used. To evaluate the activity of the antibody of the invention, BIAcore (GE Healthcare) may be used.

By using these methods, the antibody and a sample presumed to contain a protein of interest are contacted, and the protein encoded by a biomarker of the invention is detected or assayed by detecting or assaying the immune complex formed between the above-mentioned antibody and the protein.

Mass spectrometry based quantitation assay methods, for example, but not limited to, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based approaches in combination with stable-isotope labeled internal standards, are an alternative to immunoassays for quantitative measurement of proteins. These approaches do not require the use of antibodies (see, for example, Addona et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 27:633-641, 2009; Kuzyk et al., Mol. Cell Proteomics, 8:1860-1877, 2009; Paulovich et al., Proteomics Clin. Appl., 2:1386-1402, 2008). In addition, MRM offers superior multiplexing capabilities, allowing for the simultaneous quantification of numerous proteins in parallel. The basic theory of these methods has been well-established and widely utilized for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics analysis of small molecules.

In some embodiments, the concentration of two proteins, three proteins, four proteins, five proteins, six proteins, seven proteins, eight proteins, nine proteins, 10 proteins, 11 proteins, 12 proteins, 13 proteins, 14 proteins, 15 proteins, 16 proteins, 17 proteins, 18 proteins, 19 proteins, or 20 proteins, or at least two proteins, at least three proteins, at least four proteins, at least five proteins, at least six proteins, at least seven proteins, at least eight proteins, at least nine proteins, at least 10 proteins, at least 11 proteins, at least 12 proteins, at least 13 proteins, at least 14 proteins, at least 15 proteins, at least 16 proteins, at least 17 proteins, at least 18 proteins, at least 19 proteins, or at least 20 proteins from Table 1 can be assessed and/or measured.

In some embodiments, the concentration of two proteins, three proteins, four proteins, five proteins, six proteins, seven proteins, eight proteins, nine proteins, 10 proteins, 11 proteins, 12 proteins, 13 proteins, 14 proteins, 15 proteins, 16 proteins, 17 proteins, 18 proteins, 19 proteins, or 20 proteins, or at least two proteins, at least three proteins, at least four proteins, at least five proteins, at least six proteins, at least seven proteins, at least eight proteins, at least nine proteins, at least 10 proteins, at least 11 proteins, at least 12 proteins, at least 13 proteins, at least 14 proteins, at least 15 proteins, at least 16 proteins, at least 17 proteins, at least 18 proteins, at least 19 proteins, or at least 20 proteins from Table 2 can be assessed and/or measured.

In some embodiments, the concentration of two proteins, three proteins, four proteins, five proteins, six proteins, seven proteins, eight proteins, nine proteins, 10 proteins, 11 proteins, 12 proteins, 13 proteins, 14 proteins, 15 proteins, 16 proteins, 17 proteins, 18 proteins, 19 proteins, or 20 proteins, or at least two proteins, at least three proteins, at least four proteins, at least five proteins, at least six proteins, at least seven proteins, at least eight proteins, at least nine proteins, at least 10 proteins, at least 11 proteins, at least 12 proteins, at least 13 proteins, at least 14 proteins, at least 15 proteins, at least 16 proteins, at least 17 proteins, at least 18 proteins, at least 19 proteins, or at least 20 proteins from Table 5 can be assessed and/or measured.

JAK Inhibitors

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound that inhibits JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and/or TYK2. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selective for JAK1 and JAK2 over JAK3 and TYK2. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selective for JAK1 over JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. For example, some of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferentially inhibit JAK1 over one or more of JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. In some embodiments, the compounds or salts inhibit JAK1 preferentially over JAK2 (e.g., have a JAK2/JAK1 IC₅₀ ratio >1). In some embodiments, the compounds or salts are about 10-fold more selective for JAK1 over JAK2. In some embodiments, the compounds or salts are about 3-fold, about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, or about 20-fold more selective for JAK1 over JAK2 as calculated by measuring IC₅₀ at 1 mM ATP.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is 3-cyclopentyl-3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is (3R)-3-cyclopentyl-3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile (ruxolitinib; also known as INCB018424). 3-Cyclopentyl-3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile and ruxolitinib can be made by the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,598,257 (Example 67), filed Dec. 12, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is (3R)-3-cyclopentyl-3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile phosphoric acid salt.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is barcitinib, tofacitinib, oclacitinib, filgotinib, gandotinib, lestaurtinib, momelotinib, bacritinib, PF-04965842, upadacitinib, peficitinib, fedratinib, cucurbitacin I, ATI-501 (Aclaris), ATI-502 (Aclaris), JTE052 (Leo Pharma and Japan Tobacco), or CHZ868.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor can be an isotopically-labeled compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An “isotopically” or “radio-labeled” compound is a compound of the disclosure where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present disclosure include but are not limited to ²H (also written as D for deuterium), ³H (also written as T for tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶C, ⁸²Br, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵ and ¹³¹I. For example, one or more hydrogen atoms in a compound of the present disclosure can be replaced by deuterium atoms (e.g., one or more hydrogen atoms of a C₁₋₆ alkyl group of Formula (I) can be optionally substituted with deuterium atoms, such as —CD₃ being substituted for —CH₃).

One or more constituent atoms of the compounds described herein can be replaced or substituted with isotopes of the atoms in natural or non-natural abundance. In some embodiments, the compound includes at least one deuterium atom. In some embodiments, the compound includes two or more deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, the compound includes 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, or 1-6 deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms in a compound can be replaced or substituted by deuterium atoms.

Synthetic methods for including isotopes into organic compounds are known in the art (Deuterium Labeling in Organic Chemistry by Alan F. Thomas (New York, N.Y., Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971; The Renaissance of H/D Exchange by Jens Atzrodt, Volker Derdau, Thorsten Fey and Jochen Zimmermann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 7744-7765; The Organic Chemistry of Isotopic Labelling by James R. Hanson, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011). Isotopically labeled compounds can be used in various studies such as NMR spectroscopy, metabolism experiments, and/or assays.

Substitution with heavier isotopes, such as deuterium, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. (see e.g., A. Kerekes et. al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 201-210; R. Xu et. al. J. Label Compd. Radiopharm. 2015, 58, 308-312). In particular, substitution at one or more metabolism sites may afford one or more of the therapeutic advantages.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms in the compound are replaced by deuterium atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is ruxolitinib, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is any of the compounds in U.S. Pat. No. 9,249,149 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is CTP-543, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R¹ is selected from H and D;

each R2 is independently selected from H and D, provided that each R² attached to a common carbon is the same;

each R³ is independently selected from H and D, provided that each R³ attached to a common carbon is the same;

R⁴ is selected from H and D;

each R is the same and is selected from H and D; and

R⁶, R7, and R⁸ are each independently selected from H and D; provided that when R is H, each R² and each R³ are H, R⁴ is H, and each of R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ is H, then each R⁵ is D.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound of Formula I selected from the following compounds 100-130 in the table below (wherein R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are each H), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound of Formula I selected from the following compounds 200-231 in the table below (wherein R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are each D), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Compound R¹ Each R² Each R³ R⁴ Each R⁵ 100 H H H D H 101 H H H H D 102 H H H D D 103 H H D H H 104 H H D D H 105 H H D H D 106 H H D D D 107 H D H H H 108 H D H D H 109 H D H H D 110 H D H D D 111 H D D H H 112 H D D D H 113 H D D H D 114 H D D D D 115 D H H H H 116 D H H D H 117 D H H H D 118 D H H D D 119 D H D H H 120 D H D D H 121 D H D H D 122 D H D D D 123 D D H H H 124 D D H D H 125 D D H H D 126 D D H D D 127 D D D H H 128 D D D D H 129 D D D H D 130 D D D D D 200 H H H D H 201 H H H H D 202 H H H D D 203 H H D H H 204 H H D D H 205 H H D H D 206 H H D D D 207 H D H H H 208 H D H D H 209 H D H H D 210 H D H D D 211 H D D H H 212 H D D D H 213 H D D H D 214 H D D D D 215 D H H H H 216 D H H D H 217 D H H H D 218 D H H D D 219 D H D H H 220 D H D D H 221 D H D H D 222 D H D D D 223 D D H H H 224 D D H D H 225 D D H H D 226 D D H D D 227 D D D H H 228 D D D D H 229 D D D H D 230 D D D D D 231 H H H H H

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is baricitinib, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is any of the compounds in U.S. Pat. No. 9,540,367 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound of Table 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds in Table 3 are selective JAK1 inhibitors (selective over JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2).

TABLE 3 Examples of JAK inhibitors Comp. No. Prep. Name Structure 1 US 2011/ 0224190 (Example 1) {1-{1-[3-Fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)isonicotinoyl] piperidin-4-yl}-3-[4-(7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4- yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin- 3-yl}acetonitrile (itacitinib; also known as INCB039110)

2 US 2011/ 0224190 (Example 154) 4-{3-(Cyanomethyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-1-yl}- N-[4-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pipe- ridine-1-carboxamide

3 US 2011/ 0224190 (Example 85) [3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(1-{[2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin- 4-yl]carbonyl}piperidin-4- yl)azetidin-3-yl]acetonitrile

4 US 2014/0343030 (Example 7) 4-[3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(3′,5′- dimethyl-1H,1′H-4,4′- bipyrazol-1-yl)azetidin-1-yl]- 2,5-difluoro-N-[(1S)-2,2,2- trifluoro-1- methylethyl]benzamide

5 US 2014/0121198 (Example 20) ((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1- hydroxyethyl]-1H- imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2- b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile

6 US 2010/ 0298334 (Example 2) 3-[1-(6-chloropyridin-2- yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]-3-[4-(7H- pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyrimidin-4- yl)-1H-pyrazol-1- yl]propanenitrile

7 US 2010/ 0298334 (Example 13c) 3-(1-[1,3]oxazolo[5,4- b]pyridin-2-ylpyrrolidin-3- yl)-3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]propanenitrile

8 US 2011/ 0059951 (Example 12) 4-[(4-{3-cyano-2-[4-(7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4- yl)-1H-pyrazol-1- yl]propyl}piperazin-1- yl)carbonyl]-3- fluorobenzonitrile

9 US 2011/ 0059951 (Example 13) 4-[(4-{3-cyano-2-[3-(7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4- yl)-1H-pyrrol-1- yl]propyl}piperazin-1- yl)carbonyl]-3- fluorobenzonitrile

10 US 2012/ 0149681 (Example 7b) [trans-1-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]-3-(4-{[2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin- 4-yl]carbonyl}piperazin-1- yl)cyclobutyl]acetonitrile

11 US 2012/ 0149681 (Example 157) {trans-3-(4-{[4-[(3- hydroxyazetidin-1- yl)methyl]-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1- yl]cyclobutyl}acetonitrile

12 US 2012/ 0149681 (Example 161) {trans-3-(4-{[4-{[(2S)-2- (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin- 1-yl]methyl}-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1- yl]cyclobutyl}acetonitrile

13 US 2012/ 0149681 (Example 162) {trans-3-(4-{[4-{[(2R)-2- (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin- 1-yl]methyl}-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1- yl]cyclobutyl}acetonitrile

14 US 2012/ 0149682 (Example 20) 4-(4-{3- [(dimethyalmino)methyl]-5- fluorophenoxy}piperidin-1- yl)-3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]butanenitrile

15 US 2013/ 0018034 (Example 18) 5-{3-(cyanomethyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-1-yl}- N-isopropyl]pyrazine-2- carboxamide

16 US 2013/ 0018034 (Example 28) 4-{3-(cyanomethyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-1-yl}- 2,5-difluoro-N-[(1S)-2,2,2- trifluoro-1- methylethyl]benzamide

17 US 2013/ 0018034 (Example 34) 5-{3-(cyanomethyl)-3-[4- (1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-4- yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin- 1-yl}-N-isopropylpyrazine- 2-carboxamide

18 US 2013/ 0045963 (Example 45) {1-(cis-4-{[6-(2- hydroxyethyl)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin- 4-yl]oxy}cyclohexyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3- yl}acetonitrile

19 US 2013/ 0045963 (Example 65) {1-(cis-4-{[4- [(ethylamino)methyl]-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}cyclohexyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3- yl}acetonitrile

20 US 2013/ 0045963 (Example 69) {1-(cis-4-{[4-(1-hydroxy-1- methylethyl)-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}cyclohexyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3- yl}acetonitrile

21 US 2013/ 0045963 (Example 95) {1-(cis-4-{[4-{[(3R)-3- hydroxypyrrolidin-1- yl]methyl}-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}cyclohexyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3- yl}acetonitrile

22 US 2013/ 0045963 (Example 95) {1-(cis-4-{[4-{[(3S)-3- hydroxypyrrolidin-1- yl]methyl}-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}cyclohexyl)-3-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3- yl}acetonitrile

23 US 2014/ 0005166 (Example 1) {trans-3-(4-{[4-({[(1S)-2- hydroxy-1- methylethyl]amino}methyl)- 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidni-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1- yl]cyclobutyl}acetonitrile

24 US 2014/ 0005166 (Example 14) {trans-3-(4-{[4-({[(2R)-2- hydroxypropyl]amino}methyl)- 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 2-yl]oxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1- [4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1- yl]cyclobutyl}acetonitrile

25 US 2014/ 0005166 (Example 15) {trans-3-(4-{[4-({[(2S)-2- hydroxypropyl]amino}methyl)- 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 2-yl]oxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1- [4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1- yl]cyclobutyl}acetonitrile

26 US 2014/ 0005166 (Example 20) {trans-3-(4-{[4-(2- hydroxyethyl)-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]oxy}piperidin-1-yl)-1-[4- (7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H- pyrazol-1- yl]cyclobutyl}acetonitrile

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is {1-{1-[3-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)isonicotinoyl]piperidin-4-yl}-3[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3-yl}acetonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is {1-{1-[3-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)isonicotinoyl]piperidin-4-yl}-3[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3-yl}acetonitrile adipic acid salt.

The synthesis and preparation of {1-{1-[3-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)isonicotinoyl]piperidin-4-yl}-3[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]azetidin-3-yl}acetonitrile and the adipic acid salt of the same can be found, e.g., in US Patent Publ. No. 2011/0224190, filed Mar. 9, 2011, US Patent Publ. No. 2013/0060026, filed Sep. 6, 2012, and US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0256941, filed Mar. 5, 2014, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is 4-[3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(3′,5′-dimethyl-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazol-1-yl)azetidin-1-yl]-2,5-difluoro-N-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethyl]benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is 4-[3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(3′,5′-dimethyl-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazol-1-yl)azetidin-1-yl]-2,5-difluoro-N-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethyl]benzamide phosphoric acid salt.

The synthesis and preparation of 4-[3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(3′,5′-dimethyl-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazol-1-yl)azetidin-1-yl]-2,5-difluoro-N-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethyl]benzamide and the phosphoric acid salt of the same can be found, e.g., in US Patent Publ. No. US 2014/0343030, filed May 16, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is ((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is ((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile monohydrate.

Synthesis of ((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile and characterization of the anhydrous and monohydrate forms of the same are described in US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0121198, filed Oct. 31, 2013 and US Patent Publ. No. 2015/0344497, filed Apr. 29, 2015, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Table 3 are prepared by the synthetic procedures described in US Patent Publ. No. 2011/0224190, filed Mar. 9, 2011, US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0343030, filed May 16, 2014, US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0121198, filed Oct. 31, 2013, US Patent Publ. No. 2010/0298334, filed May 21, 2010, US Patent Publ. No. 2011/0059951, filed Aug. 31, 2010, US Patent Publ. No. 2012/0149681, filed Nov. 18, 2011, US Patent Publ. No. 2012/0149682, filed Nov. 18, 2011, US Patent Publ. 2013/0018034, filed Jun. 19, 2012, US Patent Publ. No. 2013/0045963, filed Aug. 17, 2012, and US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0005166, filed May 17, 2013, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, JAK inhibitor is selected from the compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of US Patent Publ. No. 2011/0224190, filed Mar. 9, 2011, US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0343030, filed May 16, 2014, US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0121198, filed Oct. 31, 2013, US Patent Publ. No. 2010/0298334, filed May 21, 2010, US Patent Publ. No. 2011/0059951, filed Aug. 31, 2010, US Patent Publ. No. 2012/0149681, filed Nov. 18, 2011, US Patent Publ. No. 2012/0149682, filed Nov. 18, 2011, US Patent Publ. 2013/0018034, filed Jun. 19, 2012, US Patent Publ. No. 2013/0045963, filed Aug. 17, 2012, and US Patent Publ. No. 2014/0005166, filed May 17, 2013, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Methods of Treatment

The methods disclosed herein enable the assessment of whether or not a subject having, suspected of having or at risk of developing GvHD is likely to respond (e.g., likely to have greater improvement in disease as evidenced by reduced disease severity and/or disease remission/resolution) to a JAK inhibitor. A subject having, suspected of having or at risk of developing GvHD who is likely to respond to a JAK inhibitor can be administered a JAK inhibitor (e.g., ruxolitinib). Conversely, a subject having, suspected of having or at risk of developing GvHD who is less likely to respond to a JAK inhibitor (e.g., ruxolitinib) can be administered an additional therapy that is suitable for treatment of GvHD.

The methods of this disclosure also enable the stratification of subjects having, suspected of having or at risk of developing GvHD into groups of subjects that are more likely to benefit, and groups of subjects that are less likely to benefit, from treatment comprising a JAK inhibitor. The ability to select such subjects from a pool of GvHD subjects who are being considered for treatment with a JAK inhibitor is beneficial for administering an effective treatment to the subject.

In one embodiment, the subject to be treated with a JAK inhibitor (e.g., ruxolitinib) has, is suspected of having, or is likely to develop GvHD. In certain embodiments, the subject to be treated with a JAK inhibitor (e.g., ruxolitinib) has, is suspected of having, or is likely to develop acute GvHD. In other embodiments, the subject to be treated with a JAK inhibitor (e.g., ruxolitinib) has, is suspected of having, or is likely to develop chronic GvHD.

If the subject having GvHD is more likely to respond to a JAK inhibitor (based on concentrations of one or more of the biomarkers described above (see Tables 1 and 2)), the subject can then be administered an effective amount of the JAK inhibitor (e.g., ruxolitinib). An effective amount of the JAK inhibitor can suitably be determined by a health care practitioner taking into account, for example, the characteristics of the patient (age, sex, weight, race, etc.), the progression of the disease, and prior exposure to the drug. If the subject is less likely to respond to a JAK inhibitor, the subject can then be optionally administered a therapy that does not comprise a JAK inhibitor.

The methods can also be applied to individuals at risk of developing GvHD. Such individuals include those who (i) have undergone a transplant (e.g., a hematopoietic stem cell transplant) but have not developed GvHD, or (ii) are preparing for receipt of a transplant (e.g., a hematopoietic stem cell transplant).

After stratifying or selecting a subject based on whether the subject will be more likely or less likely to respond to a JAK inhibitor, a medical practitioner (e.g., a doctor) can administer the appropriate therapeutic modality to the subject. Methods of administering a JAK inhibitor are well known in the art.

In cases where the subject having GvHD and predicted to respond to a JAK inhibitor has been previously administered one or more non-JAK inhibitor therapies, the JAK inhibitor can replace or augment a previously or currently administered therapy. For example, upon treating with the JAK inhibitor, administration of the one or more non-JAK inhibitor therapies can cease or diminish, e.g., be administered at lower levels. Administration of the previous therapy can be maintained while the JAK inhibitor is administered. In some embodiments, a previous therapy can be maintained until the level of the JAK inhibitor reaches a level sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect.

A subject treated with a JAK inhibitor (e.g., ruxolitinib) according to the methods described herein can be treated in combination with one or more additional compositions that are effective for treatment of GvHD. Examples of compositions that can be used in such combination treatment include corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone or prednisone), methotrexate, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, antithymocyte globulin, alemtuzumab, cyclophosphamide, ibrutinib, imatinib, infliximab, etanercept, tocilizumab, alemtuzumab, basiliximab, daclizumab, rituximab, denileukin diftitox, pentostatin, ciclosporin, thalidomide, halofuginone, hydroxychloroquine, and mesenchymal stem cells.

The following are examples of the practice of the invention. They are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Identification of Proteins Differentially Expressed in Patients with Graft-Versus-Host Disease that are Responders to Treatment with Ruxolitinib

Plasma samples were collected from individuals enrolled in a study of ruxolitinib for the treatment of steroid-refractory acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD). All subjects underwent a first allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from any donor source (matched unrelated donor, sibling, haploidentical) using bone marrow, peripheral blood stem cells, or cord blood for hematologic malignancies. Subjects were also administered corticosteroids. The subjects exhibited clinically suspected Grades IIB to IVD acute GvHD, occurring after the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. All subjects consented to the blood collection.

Once collected, plasma samples underwent broad proteomic profiling using OLINK™, which allows analysis of 1,012 proteins. Samples were separated into the following groups based on the clinical response to treatment with ruxolitinib (INCB018424) and outlined in Table 4. Specifically, samples were classified as responders (“complete responder” or “partial responder”) or non-responder (“mixed responder” or “progressive disease/death”) based on their therapeutic response at day 28 of treatment.

Broad proteomic analysis of plasma identified a total of 145 differentially expressed proteins between the responders and non-responders. Differentially expressed proteins were those that showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) and a fold change of less than 0.66 between baselines of responders and non-responders (for proteins significantly lower in responders compared to non-responders at baseline) or a fold change of greater than 1.5 between baselines of responders and non-responders (for proteins significantly higher in responders compared to non-responders at baseline). Fold change in this example represents the change of a baseline protein expression level between responder and non-responder groups of subjects. Thirty-five proteins were elevated and 110 proteins were lower in responders compared to non-responders (Table 4). False discovery rate (FDR) p-values were calculated across stratum.

TABLE 4 Differentially Expressed Proteins at Baseline in the Plasma of Responders Compared to Non-Responders Raw FDR Fold Change Protein p-value p-value (Responder/Non-Responder) Proteins significantly lower in responders compared to non-responders at baseline IL8 <.0001 0.034 0.27 IL-24 0.0011 0.054 0.30 IL6 0.0008 0.049 0.31 IL6 0.0009 0.050 0.32 IL6 0.0008 0.049 0.32 IL6 0.0007 0.049 0.34 AREG 0.0013 0.058 0.34 AREG 0.0014 0.058 0.35 CXCL1 0.0001 0.034 0.36 CXCL1 0.0002 0.034 0.38 G-CSF 0.0467 0.330 0.40 CCL20 0.0006 0.049 0.43 MMP-1 0.0008 0.049 0.43 CXCL5 0.001 0.050 0.43 MMP12 0.0021 0.078 0.44 CHRDL2 0.0015 0.058 0.50 SIGLEC10 0.0008 0.049 0.52 KRT19 0.0024 0.078 0.52 CXCL6 0.0002 0.034 0.52 RETN 0.0034 0.092 0.53 CD177 0.0204 0.220 0.54 MUC-16 0.0351 0.284 0.56 TNFRSF6B 0.0037 0.095 0.56 CKAP4 0.0005 0.049 0.56 CHI3L1 0.0128 0.188 0.57 ST2 0.0002 0.034 0.57 TNFSF14 0.0005 0.049 0.57 PGLYRP1 0.0035 0.093 0.58 IL-4RA 0.0011 0.054 0.58 SLAMF8 0.0098 0.176 0.59 LCN2 0.0152 0.198 0.60 CCL19 0.0464 0.330 0.61 MFGE8 0.0251 0.244 0.61 U-PAR <.0001 0.034 0.62 CEACAM8 0.0109 0.179 0.62 CAIX 0.0261 0.245 0.64 CLEC4D 0.0239 0.238 0.64 CD163 0.0022 0.078 0.64 TRAIL-R2 0.0024 0.078 0.65 CLM-1 0.0168 0.203 0.65 DPP10 0.0407 0.319 0.65 NCF2 0.0406 0.319 0.65 MMP-9 0.0106 0.179 0.65 B4GALT1 0.0005 0.049 0.66 PTPRJ 0.0052 0.121 0.66 IL-1RT2 0.0041 0.098 0.66 TMSB10 0.0329 0.275 0.66 FSTL3 0.0016 0.062 0.66 FGR 0.0147 0.198 0.66 CCL3 0.0197 0.217 0.67 CLEC7A 0.0212 0.223 0.68 JAM-A 0.0086 0.172 0.68 CAPG 0.0282 0.257 0.68 TNF-R1 0.0038 0.095 0.69 CCL3 0.0207 0.221 0.69 TFF2 0.0095 0.176 0.70 VSIG4 0.003 0.085 0.70 SIGLEC1 0.0133 0.191 0.70 HAVCR2 0.0096 0.176 0.70 SELE 0.0323 0.275 0.70 NUCB2 0.0178 0.206 0.71 CXCL16 0.017 0.203 0.71 BTN3A2 0.0098 0.176 0.71 GLRX 0.0315 0.272 0.71 FUT3/FUT5 0.0137 0.193 0.71 LILRB4 0.0152 0.198 0.72 MSLN 0.0324 0.275 0.72 MCP-1 0.0264 0.245 0.72 CD38 0.0106 0.179 0.72 DSC2 0.0053 0.121 0.72 SLAMF7 0.0448 0.327 0.73 PARP-1 0.0255 0.245 0.73 IL-27 0.0022 0.078 0.73 PCSK9 0.0172 0.203 0.73 LAIR1 0.0313 0.272 0.73 EPHA2 0.0059 0.125 0.74 AGRP 0.0192 0.215 0.74 ADAM 8 0.0169 0.203 0.74 IL-18R1 0.025 0.244 0.74 OPG 0.0072 0.150 0.75 IGFBP-2 0.0089 0.175 0.75 VIM 0.0221 0.228 0.75 TIMP1 0.0234 0.238 0.75 WISP-1 0.0223 0.228 0.76 OPN 0.0123 0.188 0.76 OPG 0.0115 0.182 0.77 SEMA4C 0.0141 0.194 0.77 ADM 0.0329 0.275 0.77 DKK3 0.05 0.345 0.77 LTBR 0.0054 0.121 0.78 TNFRSF10A 0.0454 0.327 0.78 CLEC10A 0.0342 0.281 0.78 PDGF-R-alpha 0.0027 0.085 0.78 SHPS-1 0.0271 0.249 0.78 TNFRSF14 0.0177 0.206 0.79 NID2 0.0192 0.215 0.79 VCAM1 0.0237 0.238 0.79 ANGPTL1 0.026 0.245 0.80 LTA4H 0.0418 0.319 0.80 WFDC2 0.0112 0.182 0.80 IFN-gamma-R1 0.0104 0.179 0.81 PTX3 0.046 0.329 0.81 COL1A1 0.0417 0.319 0.81 NID1 0.0348 0.284 0.82 NECTIN2 0.0426 0.322 0.82 Siglec-9 0.0292 0.259 0.83 EPHB4 0.042 0.319 0.84 CRIM1 0.0452 0.327 0.85 MCFD2 0.0497 0.345 0.86 SPON2 0.0154 0.198 0.90 Proteins significantly elevated in responders compared to non-responders at baseline NBL1 0.0263 0.245 1.08 AOC3 0.0297 0.261 1.18 PLTP 0.0201 0.219 1.21 KIT 0.0451 0.327 1.25 F11 0.0129 0.188 1.26 TWEAK 0.0167 0.203 1.26 NCAM1 0.0213 0.223 1.28 CTSV 0.0431 0.322 1.29 NTRK3 0.0165 0.203 1.29 F7 0.0107 0.179 1.30 CLUL1 0.0291 0.259 1.30 TNFB 0.0122 0.188 1.31 AGR3 0.0129 0.188 1.32 TRANCE 0.04 0.318 1.34 APOM 0.0117 0.183 1.37 FGF-BP1 0.0486 0.341 1.37 CNTN5 0.0057 0.123 1.37 CRTAC1 0.0012 0.056 1.39 SERPINA9 0.0154 0.198 1.43 CNDP1 0.0156 0.198 1.43 GDF-8 0.0139 0.193 1.44 sFRP-3 0.0084 0.172 1.44 SCGB3A1 0.0413 0.319 1.47 CGA 0.0378 0.303 1.54 GCG 0.0191 0.215 1.73 SCF 0.0029 0.085 1.73 SCF 0.0031 0.085 1.76 SCF 0.0029 0.085 1.78 GAL 0.0007 0.049 1.81 SERPINA5 0.0006 0.049 1.90 PON3 0.0039 0.095 1.94 CTRC 0.0334 0.277 1.96 REG4 0.0092 0.176 2.15 CCL25 0.0286 0.258 2.27 FABP2 0.0441 0.327 2.52

Example 2: Characterization of Protein Expression During the Course of Treatment

Plasma samples were collected from individuals enrolled in the clinical study of Example 1 at baseline and day 28. Paired baseline and day 28 plasma samples were available for 36 responders and 6 non-responders. Paired t-tests from baseline to day 28 for each protein were stratified into responders and non-responders using SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1 statistical software. Significance was conferred at p<0.5. Absolute fold change calculated as Day 28/Baseline within each group. False discovery rate (FDR) p-values were calculated across stratum.

Table 5 lists proteins that were significantly modulated in responders between baseline and day 28. Table 6 lists proteins that were significantly modulated in non-responders between baseline and day 28. Fold change in this example represents the change of a protein level between day 1 (baseline) versus day 28. Values above 1 indicate up-regulation. Table 5 identifies biomarkers of therapeutic response.

TABLE 5 Proteins Significantly Modulated in Responders Between Baseline and Day 28 Uniprot Raw FDR Fold Change Protein ID p-value p-value (Day 28/Baseline) Proteins significantly up-regulated from baseline in responders EPO P01588 <.0001 0.000 4.26 IHPO P40225 <.0001 0.000 2.78 GCG P01275 <.0001 0.001 2.75 FGF-21 Q9NSA1 0.0003 0.004 2.73 Flt3L P49771 <.0001 0.000 2.52 FGF-21 Q9NSA1 0.0005 0.005 2.51 FGF-21 Q9NSA1 0.0003 0.003 2.37 CCL28 Q9NRJ3 0.0023 0.016 2.20 FABP4 P15090 <.0001 0.000 2.15 FAM3B P58499 <.0001 0.000 2.12 IL6 P05231 0.0012 0.010 2.12 FABP2 P12104 0.0041 0.026 2.08 IL6 P05231 0.0011 0.009 2.08 IL6 P05231 0.0015 0.011 2.06 IL6 P05231 0.0026 0.018 2.00 CCL25 O15444 <.0001 0.000 1.99 VWC2 Q2TAL6 <.0001 0.000 1.98 FAM19A5 Q7Z5A7 <.0001 0.000 1.90 PLIN1 O60240 <.0001 0.001 1.88 MCP-1 P13500 <.0001 0.000 1.85 NPPC P23582 <.0001 0.000 1.84 SCF P21583 <.0001 0.000 1.84 SCF P21583 <.0001 0.000 1.83 FBP1 P09467 0.0065 0.038 1.83 SCF P21583 <.0001 0.000 1.79 SMOC2 Q9H3U7 <.0001 0.000 1.79 TSHB P01222 0.0014 0.011 1.75 MCP-1 P13500 <.0001 0.000 1.73 hK14 Q9P0G3 <.0001 0.000 1.72 IL8 P10145 0.0011 0.009 1.72 CD8A P01732 0.0049 0.031 1.68 PPY P01298 <.0001 0.001 1.67 CPA2 P48052 0.0171 0.077 1.66 CHRDL2 Q6WN34 <.0001 0.000 1.65 BMP-6 P22004 <.0001 0.000 1.65 FAM3C Q92520 <.0001 0.000 1.64 TNNI3 P19429 0.0308 0.119 1.62 MK P21741 0.0121 0.060 1.62 ADAM-TS 15 Q8TE58 <.0001 0.000 1.61 MMP12 P39900 0.0002 0.002 1.60 CEACAM5 P06731 <.0001 0.000 1.60 CXCL16 Q9H2A7 <.0001 0.000 1.59 hK11 Q9UBX7 <.0001 0.000 1.58 SLITRK2 Q9H156 <.0001 0.000 1.57 GHRL Q9UBU3 0.0003 0.003 1.56 KAZALD1 Q96I82 <.0001 0.000 1.56 Notch 3 Q9UM47 <.0001 0.000 1.54 CLMP Q9H6B4 <.0001 0.000 1.54 TFPI-2 P48307 0.004 0.026 1.54 GDF-2 Q9UK05 <.0001 0.000 1.53 GAL P22466 0.0015 0.012 1.53 Ep-CAM P16422 0.0002 0.002 1.53 IGFBP-1 P08833 0.0342 0.127 1.53 GDF-8 O14793 0.0002 0.002 1.53 CTRC Q99895 0.0086 0.047 1.52 LEP P41159 0.0035 0.023 1.52 GDF-15 Q99988 0.0001 0.001 1.52 ROBO2 Q9HCK4 <.0001 0.000 1.51 FR-alpha P15328 <.0001 0.000 1.51 KIM1 Q96D42 <.0001 0.001 1.50 Gal-3 P17931 <.0001 0.000 1.50 APLP1 P51693 0.0005 0.005 1.49 CST5 P28325 <.0001 0.000 1.49 CCL11 P51671 <.0001 0.000 1.49 CX3CL1 P78423 <.0001 0.000 1.49 RAGE Q15109 <.0001 0.000 1.48 CD70 P32970 <.0001 0.000 1.48 MSLN Q13421 <.0001 0.000 1.47 FGF-23 Q9GZV9 0.0062 0.036 1.47 SPINK1 P00995 0.0053 0.032 1.47 FGF-23 Q9GZV9 0.0103 0.052 1.47 DKK3 Q9UBP4 <.0001 0.000 1.47 KIM1 Q96D42 0.0001 0.001 1.47 REN P00797 0.0002 0.002 1.46 VEGFA P15692 <.0001 0.000 1.46 VEGFA P15692 <.0001 0.000 1.46 CYR61 O00622 <.0001 0.001 1.46 ITGB6 P18564 <.0001 0.000 1.46 MMP7 P09237 0.0002 0.002 1.45 CCL20 P78556 0.0167 0.075 1.45 TGF-alpha P01135 0.0091 0.048 1.45 TN-R Q92752 <.0001 0.000 1.45 SERPINA12 Q8IW75 0.0262 0.105 1.45 CADM3 Q8N126 <.0001 0.000 1.45 RSPO3 Q9BXY4 0.0339 0.127 1.45 MUC-16 Q8WXI7 0.0059 0.035 1.45 CDON Q4KMG0 <.0001 0.000 1.44 TNFRSF19 Q9NS68 <.0001 0.000 1.44 RGMB Q6NW40 <.0001 0.000 1.44 TMPRSS15 P98073 0.0018 0.013 1.44 TACSTD2 P09758 <.0001 0.000 1.43 SCGB3A2 Q96PL1 <.0001 0.000 1.43 CNTN1 Q12860 <.0001 0.000 1.43 IGF1R P08069 <.0001 0.000 1.43 DDC P20711 0.009 0.048 1.42 NTF4 P34130 <.0001 0.001 1.42 SCARF2 Q96GP6 <.0001 0.000 1.42 MYOC Q99972 0.0004 0.004 1.42 SORCS2 Q96PQ0 <.0001 0.000 1.42 MOG Q16653 <.0001 0.000 1.42 ROR1 Q01973 <.0001 0.000 1.42 VSIG2 Q96IQ7 <.0001 0.000 1.41 LTBP2 Q14767 <.0001 0.000 1.41 ITGB5 P18084 <.0001 0.000 1.41 ADAM 22 Q9P0K1 <.0001 0.000 1.41 EDA2R Q9HAV5 <.0001 0.000 1.40 SCGB3A1 Q96QR1 0.0002 0.002 1.40 CA6 P23280 <.0001 0.000 1.40 hK8 O60259 0.0035 0.023 1.40 PSIP1 O75475 0.0106 0.053 1.40 TGF-alpha P01135 0.0198 0.085 1.40 AMN Q9BXJ7 <.0001 0.000 1.40 NCAM1 P13591 <.0001 0.000 1.40 COLEC12 Q5KU26 <.0001 0.001 1.39 AGR2 O95994 0.0066 0.038 1.39 P4HB P07237 0.0001 0.001 1.39 MAD homolog 5 Q99717 <.0001 0.000 1.39 CA12 O43570 <.0001 0.000 1.39 DNER Q8NFT8 <.0001 0.000 1.39 TMPRSS5 Q9H3S3 <.0001 0.000 1.38 LPL P06858 <.0001 0.001 1.38 GDNFR-alpha-3 O60609 <.0001 0.000 1.38 GT P51161 0.0053 0.033 1.38 VEGFD O43915 <.0001 0.000 1.38 JAM-B P57087 <.0001 0.000 1.38 TGFBR3 Q03167 0.0023 0.016 1.37 ADAM 23 O75077 <.0001 0.000 1.37 PDGFC Q9NRA1 <.0001 0.000 1.37 XG P55808 0.0002 0.002 1.36 TNFRSF13B O14836 0.004 0.026 1.36 PON3 Q15166 0.0021 0.015 1.36 LAMA4 Q16363 <.0001 0.000 1.36 MSMB P08118 0.0009 0.008 1.36 TNFRSF4 P43489 0.0004 0.004 1.36 PLC P98160 <.0001 0.000 1.36 TFF3 Q07654 <.0001 0.001 1.36 uPA P00749 <.0001 0.000 1.35 B4GAT1 O43505 <.0001 0.000 1.35 DKKL1 Q9UK85 <.0001 0.000 1.35 ST3GAL1 Q11201 <.0001 0.000 1.35 WNT9A O14904 <.0001 0.000 1.35 CCL11 P51671 0.0003 0.003 1.34 LRP11 Q86VZ4 <.0001 0.000 1.34 MMP-2 P08253 <.0001 0.000 1.34 SEZ6L2 Q6UXD5 <.0001 0.000 1.34 RARRES2 Q99969 <.0001 0.000 1.34 OPG O00300 <.0001 0.000 1.34 AGRP O00253 <.0001 0.000 1.34 SERPINA9 Q86WD7 0.0139 0.066 1.34 TF P13726 <.0001 0.000 1.34 GPNMB Q14956 <.0001 0.000 1.34 PCSK9 Q8NBP7 0.0035 0.023 1.34 INHBC P55103 0.0005 0.005 1.33 PAM P19021 <.0001 0.000 1.33 CLEC11A Q9Y240 0.0265 0.106 1.33 BMP-4 P12644 0.0006 0.005 1.33 BCAN Q96GW7 <.0001 0.000 1.33 TNFRSF12A Q9NP84 <.0001 0.000 1.33 GIF P27352 0.0218 0.093 1.33 CES2 O00748 0.0013 0.011 1.33 VEGFD O43915 <.0001 0.000 1.33 STC1 P52823 <.0001 0.000 1.32 LRRN1 Q6UXK5 <.0001 0.000 1.32 TWEAK O43508 0.0215 0.092 1.32 ADM P35318 <.0001 0.001 1.32 METRNL Q641Q3 <.0001 0.000 1.32 CD200 P41217 <.0001 0.000 1.32 CD83 Q01151 <.0001 0.000 1.32 SKR3 P37023 <.0001 0.000 1.32 uPA P00749 <.0001 0.001 1.32 CD109 Q6YHK3 0.0002 0.002 1.32 TRAIL P50591 0.0004 0.004 1.31 ACAN P16112 <.0001 0.001 1.31 CCL3 P10147 0.0324 0.123 1.31 BOC Q9BWV1 <.0001 0.000 1.31 BCL2L11 O43521-2 0.0008 0.007 1.31 PDGFRB P09619 <.0001 0.000 1.31 PRTG Q2VWP7 <.0001 0.000 1.31 SEZ6L Q9BYH1 <.0001 0.000 1.31 MDGA1 Q8NFP4 <.0001 0.000 1.30 FLRT2 O43155 <.0001 0.000 1.30 OPG O00300 <.0001 0.000 1.30 NTRK2 Q16620 <.0001 0.000 1.30 NPTXR O95502 <.0001 0.000 1.30 DRAXIN Q8NBI3 0.0003 0.003 1.30 OMD Q99983 0.0049 0.031 1.30 COL1A1 P02452 0.0002 0.002 1.30 CXL17 Q6UXB2 0.0015 0.012 1.30 AGR3 Q8TD06 0.0004 0.004 1.30 FUT3/FUT5 Q11128, 0.0021 0.016 1.30 P21217 WFIKKN2 Q8TEU8 <.0001 0.000 1.29 NPDC1 Q9NQX5 0.0002 0.002 1.29 ERBB4 Q15303 <.0001 0.000 1.29 TNFSF13B Q9Y275 0.0256 0.104 1.29 CCL15 Q16663 <.0001 0.001 1.29 GALNT2 Q10471 0.0003 0.003 1.29 NTRK3 Q16288 <.0001 0.000 1.28 CCL16 O15467 0.0052 0.032 1.28 GDNF P39905 <.0001 0.000 1.28 Gal-4 P56470 0.0049 0.031 1.28 CCL3 P10147 0.0481 0.164 1.28 VIM P08670 0.002 0.015 1.28 KLK13 Q9UKR3 0.0277 0.110 1.28 MMP-10 P09238 0.0054 0.033 1.28 SCARB2 Q14108 0.0005 0.004 1.28 TRAIL P50591 0.0016 0.013 1.27 CD300LG Q6UXG3 <.0001 0.000 1.27 IGSF3 O75054 <.0001 0.000 1.27 NCAN O14594 0.0021 0.015 1.27 IL1RL2 Q9HB29 <.0001 0.001 1.27 Gal-1 P09382 <.0001 0.000 1.27 ANGPTL3 Q9Y5C1 0.0002 0.002 1.27 PCDH17 O14917 <.0001 0.001 1.26 UNC5C O95185 <.0001 0.000 1.26 LOX-1 P78380 0.0437 0.153 1.26 NUCB2 P80303 0.0101 0.052 1.26 CNTN2 Q02246 0.0006 0.005 1.26 TR-AP P13686 0.0008 0.007 1.26 MASP1 P48740 <.0001 0.000 1.26 BCAM P50895 <.0001 0.000 1.26 NT-3 P20783 0.0043 0.028 1.26 CCDC80 Q76M96 0.0073 0.041 1.25 LAYN Q6UX15 0.0002 0.002 1.25 AMBP P02760 <.0001 0.001 1.25 DLK-1 P80370 0.0009 0.008 1.25 KLK10 O43240 0.0186 0.082 1.25 GPC1 P35052 0.0014 0.011 1.25 ENAH Q8N8S7 0.0034 0.023 1.25 CLUL1 Q15846 0.0005 0.004 1.25 XPNPEP2 O43895 0.0007 0.006 1.25 CTSL1 P07711 0.0108 0.054 1.24 GCP5 P78333 0.0009 0.008 1.24 BOC Q9BWV1 <.0001 0.000 1.24 DCN P07585 <.0001 0.000 1.24 COMP P49747 0.0366 0.134 1.24 MIA Q16674 0.0004 0.004 1.24 CNTN5 O94779 0.0005 0.005 1.24 FCRLB Q6BAA4 0.0062 0.036 1.24 IGF2R P11717 0.0002 0.003 1.23 TRAIL-R2 O14763 0.001 0.008 1.23 CRHBP P24387 <.0001 0.000 1.23 Dkk-4 Q9UBT3 0.0106 0.053 1.23 SPINT1 O43278 0.0002 0.002 1.23 AP-N P15144 0.0075 0.042 1.22 MMP-3 P08254 0.0466 0.162 1.22 B4GALT1 P15291 0.0007 0.007 1.22 FGF-5 Q8NF90 0.0006 0.005 1.22 SSC4D Q8WTU2 0.0233 0.097 1.22 ERBB2 P04626 <.0001 0.001 1.22 CRISP2 P16562 0.0008 0.007 1.22 PAMR1 Q6UXH9 0.0034 0.023 1.22 CNTN4 Q8IWV2 <.0001 0.001 1.22 MERTK Q12866 0.0022 0.016 1.22 GDNF P39905 0.0002 0.002 1.22 PRELP P51888 <.0001 0.000 1.22 ENTPD6 O75354 <.0001 0.000 1.22 EDIL3 O43854 <.0001 0.001 1.22 PREB Q9HCU5 0.0127 0.062 1.21 TGFBI Q15582 0.0028 0.019 1.21 ITGAV P06756 0.0001 0.001 1.21 SAA4 P35542 0.0091 0.048 1.21 CLEC14A Q86T13 0.0011 0.009 1.21 IGFBPL1 Q8WX77 0.001 0.008 1.21 MFAP5 Q13361 0.0025 0.017 1.21 PLA2G7 Q13093 0.001 0.008 1.21 U-PAR Q03405 0.0035 0.023 1.21 CANT1 Q8WVQ1 <.0001 0.000 1.21 PEAR1 Q5VY43 0.0005 0.005 1.20 EGFR P00533 <.0001 0.001 1.20 ST6GAL1 P15907 0.0032 0.022 1.20 PODXL O00592 <.0001 0.001 1.20 TGFR-2 P37173 <.0001 0.001 1.20 VASN Q6EMK4 0.0001 0.002 1.20 CD58 P19256 0.0001 0.002 1.20 EFNA4 P52798 0.0006 0.005 1.20 VEGFR-3 P35916 <.0001 0.000 1.20 TFPI P10646 0.0074 0.041 1.20 CSTB P04080 0.0089 0.048 1.20 ROBO1 Q9Y6N7 0.0001 0.002 1.20 KLK6 Q92876 0.0363 0.133 1.19 LGMN Q99538 0.0022 0.016 1.19 OPN P10451 0.0066 0.038 1.19 TNFRSF10A O00220 0.0051 0.032 1.19 BLM hydrolase Q13867 0.0162 0.073 1.19 CFC1 P0CG37 0.0002 0.003 1.19 TIE2 Q02763 <.0001 0.000 1.19 QPCT Q16769 0.0337 0.127 1.19 TYRO3 Q06418 <.0001 0.001 1.18 DDR1 Q08345 <.0001 0.000 1.18 NRP2 O60462 0.025 0.102 1.18 ENTPD6 O75354 <.0001 0.000 1.18 TREM1 Q9NP99 0.0198 0.085 1.18 ENTPD5 O75356 0.0314 0.120 1.18 DPP6 P42658 0.0033 0.022 1.18 CD99L2 Q8TCZ2 0.0017 0.013 1.18 AXL P30530 0.0035 0.023 1.18 MATN2 O00339 0.0011 0.009 1.17 CPE P16870 0.0287 0.113 1.17 FURIN P09958 0.0086 0.047 1.17 S100A11 P31949 0.0064 0.037 1.17 CPXM1 Q96SM3 0.034 0.127 1.17 TNFRSF10A O00220 0.0112 0.055 1.17 CDHR5 Q9HBB8 0.0111 0.055 1.17 IL7 P13232 0.0173 0.077 1.17 PDGF-R-alpha P16234 0.0002 0.002 1.17 FSTL3 O95633 0.0019 0.014 1.17 HB-EGF Q99075 0.0038 0.025 1.17 KLK12 Q9UKR0 0.0132 0.063 1.17 PGF P49763 0.0086 0.047 1.17 F7 P08709 0.0428 0.151 1.17 CTSD P07339 0.0152 0.070 1.17 OPTC Q9UBM4 0.0019 0.014 1.17 IFN-gamma-R1 P15260 <.0001 0.001 1.16 PD-L2 Q9BQ51 0.0008 0.007 1.16 HO-1 P09601 0.0011 0.009 1.16 TNFRSF21 O75509 <.0001 0.001 1.16 SPINT2 O43291 0.0019 0.014 1.16 EZR P15311 0.0227 0.095 1.16 EDAR Q9UNE0 0.0255 0.104 1.16 SPON2 Q9BUD6 <.0001 0.000 1.16 Alpha-2-MRAP P30533 0.0236 0.097 1.16 CD4 P01730 0.0037 0.025 1.16 APOM O95445 0.0313 0.120 1.16 ESAM Q96AP7 0.0013 0.011 1.16 ARSA P15289 0.0156 0.071 1.15 IL-17D Q8TAD2 0.0126 0.062 1.15 LRIG1 Q96JA1 0.0015 0.012 1.15 SEMA3F Q13275 0.0127 0.062 1.15 EPHB6 O15197 0.0024 0.017 1.15 CTSH P09668 0.0293 0.115 1.15 SCARA5 Q6ZMJ2 <.0001 0.000 1.15 ALCAM Q13740 0.0014 0.011 1.15 WFDC2 Q14508 0.0034 0.023 1.15 IL7R P16871 0.0104 0.053 1.15 SORT1 Q99523 0.001 0.009 1.15 VEGFR-2 P35968 0.0005 0.005 1.15 WISP-1 O95388 0.0187 0.082 1.14 NOV P48745 0.007 0.040 1.14 F11 P03951 0.0004 0.004 1.14 LTBR P36941 0.0029 0.020 1.14 GALNT10 Q86SR1 0.0059 0.035 1.14 PIgR P01833 0.0019 0.014 1.14 DLL1 O00548 0.01 0.052 1.14 SPINK5 Q9NQ38 0.0221 0.093 1.14 CLEC1A Q8NC01 0.014 0.066 1.13 ERBB3 P21860 0.0011 0.009 1.13 CD164 Q04900 0.0394 0.142 1.13 CKAP4 Q07065 0.0497 0.168 1.13 PODXL2 Q9NZ53 0.0017 0.013 1.13 PTK7 Q13308 0.0199 0.086 1.13 PTH1R Q03431 0.0462 0.161 1.13 ENPP2 Q13822 0.009 0.048 1.13 GFRA2 O00451 0.0011 0.009 1.13 BST1 Q10588 0.0157 0.072 1.13 CD97 P48960 0.0324 0.123 1.13 MRC2 Q9UBG0 0.022 0.093 1.12 TIE1 P35590 <.0001 0.001 1.12 NOMO1 Q15155 0.0488 0.166 1.12 ITGB1 P05556 0.008 0.044 1.12 UMOD P07911 0.0194 0.084 1.12 IGFBP-7 Q16270 0.0102 0.052 1.12 PGF P49763-3 0.0138 0.066 1.12 EPHA2 P29317 0.0172 0.077 1.12 SHPS-1 P78324 0.0109 0.054 1.12 BAMBI Q13145 0.0259 0.104 1.11 SEMA4C Q9C0C4 0.0093 0.049 1.11 CDH5 P33151 0.0207 0.089 1.11 CSF-1 P09603 0.0038 0.025 1.11 NID1 P14543 0.0439 0.153 1.11 ICAM-2 P13598 0.0187 0.082 1.11 MARCO Q9UEW3 0.0335 0.126 1.11 LAP TGF-beta-1 P01137 0.0234 0.097 1.10 AMIGO2 Q86SJ2 0.0236 0.097 1.10 TNFSF13 O75888 0.0297 0.116 1.10 PAR-1 P25116 0.045 0.157 1.10 IL-17RA Q96F46 0.014 0.066 1.10 TM P07204 0.0225 0.095 1.10 SOD2 P04179 0.024 0.099 1.09 CD59 P13987 0.0409 0.146 1.09 ADAM-TS13 Q76LX8 0.0488 0.166 1.09 CRIM1 Q9NZV1 0.047 0.162 1.08 PVR P15151 0.0436 0.153 1.08 CEACAM1 P13688 0.0223 0.094 1.06 CTSS P25774 0.0318 0.121 1.06 Nr-CAM Q92823 0.0243 0.100 1.06 Proteins significantly down-regulated from baseline in responders PRKRA O75569 0.0258 0.104 0.91 GSAP A4D1B5 0.0109 0.054 0.91 hOSCAR Q8IYS5 0.0077 0.043 0.90 STX16 O14662 0.0447 0.156 0.90 TCN2 P20062 0.0148 0.069 0.88 PSMA1 P25786 0.025 0.102 0.88 CD48 P09326 0.0294 0.115 0.86 CLSTN2 Q9H4D0 0.0061 0.036 0.86 GCNT1 Q02742 0.0205 0.088 0.85 SIGLEC1 Q9BZZ2 0.0364 0.133 0.85 TRIM5 Q9C035 0.0132 0.063 0.85 CD244 Q9BZW8 0.0069 0.040 0.85 SOST Q9BQB4 0.0099 0.051 0.85 CD200R1 Q8TD46 0.0023 0.016 0.84 TXLNA P40222 0.037 0.135 0.84 CRX O43186 0.047 0.162 0.84 ITGB2 P05107 0.0087 0.047 0.83 ICA1 Q05084 0.0146 0.068 0.83 FOXO1 Q12778 0.0028 0.019 0.83 LY9 Q9HBG7 0.0076 0.042 0.83 ERBB2IP Q96RT1 0.0293 0.115 0.83 TLT-2 Q5T2D2 0.0142 0.067 0.82 FCGR2A P12318 0.0076 0.042 0.81 IL-5R-alpha Q01344 <.0001 0.000 0.81 FCGR3B O75015 0.0101 0.052 0.81 CD74 P04233 0.0312 0.120 0.81 TPSAB1 Q15661 0.0012 0.010 0.80 GP6 Q9HCN6 0.0002 0.002 0.80 SCAMP3 O14828 0.0409 0.146 0.80 PGLYRP1 O75594 0.0391 0.141 0.80 LAG3 P18627 0.014 0.066 0.80 SELP P16109 0.0094 0.049 0.80 IRF9 Q00978 0.014 0.066 0.80 PTX3 P26022 0.0311 0.119 0.80 FASLG P48023 0.0273 0.109 0.79 MESDC2 Q14696 0.0081 0.045 0.79 INPPL1 O15357 0.0308 0.119 0.79 IYMP P19971 0.0376 0.136 0.79 MBL2 P11226 0.0046 0.029 0.79 PAPPA Q13219 0.0069 0.040 0.78 SNAP23 O00161 0.0068 0.039 0.78 NEMO Q9Y6K9 0.0231 0.096 0.78 TRANCE O14788 0.0007 0.006 0.77 AHCY P23526 0.022 0.093 0.77 ARHGEF12 Q9NZN5 0.0059 0.035 0.77 SNAP29 O95721 0.0121 0.060 0.77 IRAK4 Q9NWZ3 0.0301 0.116 0.77 HCLS1 P14317 0.0129 0.062 0.77 CA13 Q8N1Q1 0.0482 0.164 0.76 CRKL P46109 0.0077 0.043 0.76 PRDX5 P30044 0.026 0.105 0.76 YES1 P07947 0.0129 0.063 0.76 CEACAM8 P31997 0.0109 0.054 0.76 AXIN1 O15169 0.0037 0.025 0.76 GRAP2 O75791 0.0086 0.047 0.76 CD84 Q9UIB8 0.0001 0.002 0.76 ICAM3 P32942 <.0001 0.001 0.76 VSIG4 Q9Y279 0.0011 0.009 0.76 THBS4 P35443 0.0321 0.122 0.75 CRTAM O95727 0.0162 0.073 0.75 PDCD1 Q15116 0.0025 0.018 0.75 PIK3AP1 Q6ZUJ8 0.03 0.116 0.75 NUB1 Q9Y5A7 0.0022 0.016 0.75 SLAMF8 Q9P0V8 0.0016 0.013 0.75 DCTN1 Q14203 0.0172 0.077 0.75 CASP-3 P42574 0.0096 0.050 0.74 IL-24 Q13007 0.0407 0.146 0.74 PPP1R9B Q96SB3 0.0056 0.034 0.74 LAT2 Q9GZY6 0.0004 0.004 0.74 DDX58 O95786 0.0018 0.014 0.73 FKBP1B P68106 0.0328 0.124 0.73 MAP4K5 Q9Y4K4 0.0039 0.026 0.72 MMP-9 P14780 0.023 0.096 0.72 CD27 P26842 0.0008 0.007 0.72 ITGB1BP2 Q9UKP3 0.0059 0.035 0.71 SELL P14151 0.0004 0.004 0.71 AREG P15514 0.0105 0.053 0.70 KLRD1 Q13241 0.0026 0.018 0.70 ANG-1 Q15389 0.0171 0.077 0.70 CCL5 P13501 0.0148 0.069 0.70 CCL17 Q92583 0.0371 0.135 0.69 CD6 Q8WWJ7 0.0003 0.003 0.69 AREG P15514 0.0084 0.046 0.69 SKAP1 Q86WV1 0.0192 0.084 0.69 EGF P01133 0.0411 0.146 0.69 DAPP1 Q9UN19 0.0017 0.013 0.68 LAT O43561 0.0014 0.011 0.67 CD5 P06127 <.0001 0.000 0.67 SH2D1A O60880 <.0001 0.001 0.67 TNC P24821 0.0012 0.009 0.66 CD69 Q07108 0.0052 0.032 0.66 ZBTB16 Q05516 0.0005 0.005 0.66 CXCL11 O14625 0.0134 0.064 0.66 TANK Q92844 0.0018 0.014 0.66 CD2AP Q9Y5K6 0.0051 0.032 0.66 LAIR-2 Q6ISS4 <.0001 0.001 0.65 ST1A1 P50225 0.0061 0.036 0.65 STK4 Q13043 0.007 0.040 0.65 CXCL9 Q07325 0.0344 0.128 0.65 GZMB P10144 0.0268 0.107 0.65 GZMH P20718 0.0009 0.008 0.64 SIT1 Q9Y3P8 <.0001 0.000 0.62 BANK1 Q8NDB2 0.004 0.026 0.62 CXCL10 P02778 0.0362 0.133 0.62 ZBTB16 Q05516 0.0001 0.002 0.61 RNASE3 P12724 0.0361 0.133 0.61 PDGF subunit B P01127 0.004 0.026 0.61 IL2-RA P01589 <.0001 0.000 0.57

TABLE 6 Proteins Significantly Modulated in Non- Responders Between Baseline and Day 28 Uniprot Raw FDR Fold Change Protein ID p-value p-value (Day 28/Baseline) Proteins significantly up-regulated from baseline in non-responders BNP P16860 0.0217 0.092 3.70 TSHB P01222 0.0067 0.039 3.54 SERPINA12 Q8IW75 0.0283 0.112 3.13 GDF-8 O14793 0.0013 0.010 2.72 MUC-16 Q8WXI7 0.0084 0.046 2.66 VWC2 Q2TAL6 0.0092 0.049 2.35 hK14 Q9P0G3 0.0255 0.104 2.27 SMOC2 Q9H3U7 0.0157 0.072 2.22 SCGB3A1 Q96QR1 0.0135 0.065 2.15 MAD homolog 5 Q99717 0.0014 0.011 2.14 TFPI-2 P48307 0.0154 0.071 2.11 GDF-15 Q99988 0.0399 0.143 2.09 LPL P06858 0.0334 0.126 1.99 THPO P40225 0.0042 0.027 1.98 TN-R Q92752 0.0089 0.048 1.97 FAM3B P58499 0.0131 0.063 1.93 ROBO2 Q9HCK4 0.0358 0.133 1.90 SLITRK2 Q9H156 0.0474 0.163 1.78 IL7 P13232 0.0175 0.078 1.76 NEP P08473 0.0182 0.081 1.76 hK11 Q9UBX7 0.0056 0.034 1.72 CXCL16 Q9H2A7 0.0036 0.024 1.69 MDGA1 Q8NFP4 0.0198 0.085 1.69 KAZALD1 Q96I82 0.0104 0.053 1.68 IL-17D Q8TAD2 0.0492 0.167 1.67 Notch 3 Q9UM47 0.0183 0.081 1.66 CNTN1 Q12860 0.0054 0.033 1.66 MCP-1 P13500 0.0419 0.149 1.65 ITGB5 P18084 0.0066 0.038 1.64 uPA P00749 0.0091 0.048 1.62 HGF P14210 0.0477 0.164 1.61 CCL25 O15444 0.0102 0.052 1.60 SCARF2 Q96GP6 0.0039 0.026 1.59 ROR1 Q01973 0.0418 0.148 1.57 LRRN1 Q6UXK5 0.0269 0.107 1.56 EDA2R Q9HAV5 0.0153 0.071 1.55 SEZ6L2 Q6UXD5 0.0018 0.014 1.53 PAPPA Q13219 0.043 0.151 1.52 CX3CL1 P78423 0.006 0.035 1.52 CLUL1 Q15846 0.023 0.096 1.51 TNFRSF10A O00220 0.0296 0.115 1.51 KLK13 Q9UKR3 0.0438 0.153 1.51 FLRT2 O43155 0.0074 0.042 1.51 FR-alpha P15328 0.0362 0.133 1.51 CNTN5 O94779 0.0076 0.042 1.50 N-CDase Q9NR71 0.0055 0.033 1.48 IGSF3 O75054 0.0292 0.115 1.47 TNFRSF10A O00220 0.0394 0.142 1.47 APLP1 P51693 0.0412 0.146 1.47 VEGFD O43915 0.0209 0.089 1.45 ITGB6 P18564 0.0221 0.093 1.45 ADAM 22 Q9P0K1 0.0341 0.127 1.45 NTRK3 Q16288 0.0059 0.035 1.45 HS6ST1 O60243 0.0479 0.164 1.45 NTRK2 Q16620 0.0023 0.016 1.44 BCAN Q96GW7 0.0103 0.052 1.44 TYRO3 Q06418 0.0131 0.063 1.43 ERBB2 P04626 0.0121 0.060 1.41 ADGRG2 Q8IZP9 0.0103 0.052 1.41 TMPRSS5 Q9H3S3 0.019 0.083 1.40 VEGFD O43915 0.0216 0.092 1.40 CCL16 O15467 <.0001 0.001 1.40 ITGAV P06756 0.0139 0.066 1.40 MOG Q16653 0.0291 0.115 1.37 IGFBPL1 Q8WX77 0.0447 0.156 1.37 DNER Q8NFT8 0.0034 0.023 1.33 CD109 Q6YHK3 0.0469 0.162 1.33 JAM-B P57087 0.0165 0.075 1.32 DCN P07585 0.048 0.164 1.31 ADAM 23 O75077 0.0156 0.071 1.29 IL1RL2 Q9HB29 0.0244 0.100 1.29 TRAIL P50591 0.0323 0.123 1.28 ERBB4 Q15303 0.0147 0.068 1.27 MASP1 P48740 0.0345 0.128 1.27 VSIG2 Q96IQ7 0.0301 0.116 1.26 VEGFR-3 P35916 0.0189 0.083 1.26 CDH6 P55285 0.0102 0.052 1.24 VEGFR-2 P35968 0.0264 0.106 1.22 TRAIL P50591 0.0127 0.062 1.22 PIgR P01833 0.0421 0.149 1.22 TIE2 Q02763 0.0146 0.068 1.21 GPNMB Q14956 0.0234 0.097 1.19 PVR P15151 0.0402 0.144 1.18 Siglec-9 Q9Y336 0.0359 0.133 1.17 Nr-CAM Q92823 0.0051 0.032 1.15 Proteins significantly down-regulated in non-responders from baseline DSC2 Q02487 0.0481 0.164 0.75 TNFRSF9 Q07011 0.05 0.169 0.63 LAG3 P18627 0.0391 0.141 0.62 FCRL6 Q6DN72 0.0329 0.124 0.58 MMP-9 P14780 0.0361 0.133 0.58 FASLG P48023 0.0183 0.081 0.55 IL2-RA P01589 0.0275 0.109 0.50

Other Embodiments

While the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method of treating a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD), comprising administering to the human subject a JAK inhibitor, wherein the human subject has been previously determined to have (i) a baseline concentration of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMIP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, and SPON2 in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is lower than a control, and/or (ii) a baseline concentration of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is higher than a control.
 2. The method of claim 1, comprising administering to the human subject a JAK inhibitor, wherein the human subject has been previously determined to have (i) a baseline concentration of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, and FGR in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is lower than a control, and/or (ii) a baseline concentration of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2 in a biological sample obtained from the human subject that is higher than a control.
 3. A method of treating a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD), comprising: providing a biological sample obtained from the human subject; measuring in the biological sample a reduced concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, FGR, CCL3, CLEC7A, JAM-A, CAPG, TNF-R1, TFF2, VSIG4, SIGLEC1, HAVCR2, SELE, NUCB2, CXCL16, BTN3A2, GLRX, FUT3/FUT5, LILRB4, MSLN, MCP-1, CD38, DSC2, SLAMF7, PARP-1, IL-27, PCSK9, LAIR1, EPHA2, AGRP, ADAM 8, IL-18R1, OPG, IGFBP-2, VIM, TIMIP1, WISP-1, OPN, SEMA4C, ADM, DKK3, LTBR, TNFRSF10A, CLEC10A, PDGF-R-alpha, SHPS-1, TNFRSF14, NID2, VCAM1, ANGPTL1, LTA4H, WFDC2, IFN-gamma-R1, PTX3, COL1A1, NID1, NECTIN2, Siglec-9, EPHB4, CRIM1, MCFD2, and SPON2, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of NBL1, AOC3, PLTP, KIT, F11, TWEAK, NCAM1, CTSV, NTRK3, F7, CLUL1, TNFB, AGR3, TRANCE, APOM, FGF-BP1, CNTN5, CRTAC1, SERPINA9, CNDP1, GDF-8, sFRP-3, SCGB3A1, CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2; and administering a JAK inhibitor to the human subject.
 4. The method of claim 3, comprising: providing a biological sample obtained from the human subject; measuring in the biological sample a reduced concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of IL8, IL-24, IL6, AREG, CXCL1, G-CSF, CCL20, MMP-1, CXCL5, MIMP12, CHRDL2, SIGLEC10, KRT19, CXCL6, RETN, CD177, MUC-16, TNFRSF6B, CKAP4, CHI3L1, ST2, TNFSF14, PGLYRP1, IL-4RA, SLAMF8, LCN2, CCL19, MFGE8, U-PAR, CEACAM8, CAIX, CLEC4D, CD163, TRAIL-R2, CLM-1, DPP10, NCF2, MMP-9, B4GALT1, PTPRJ, IL-1RT2, TMSB10, FSTL3, and FGR, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to a control, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of CGA, GCG, SCF, GAL, SERPINA5, PON3, CTRC, REG4, CCL25, and FABP2; and administering a JAK inhibitor to the human subject.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a second therapeutic agent is administered to the human subject in combination with the JAK inhibitor.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid, methotrexate, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, antithymocyte globulin, alemtuzumab, cyclophosphamide, ibrutinib, imatinib, infliximab, etanercept, tocilizumab, alemtuzumab, basiliximab, daclizumab, rituximab, denileukin diftitox, pentostatin, ciclosporin, thalidomide, halofuginone, hydroxychloroquine, or mesenchymal stem cells.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the second therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the corticosteroid is methylprednisolone or prednisone.
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the control is a pre-established cut-off value.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the control is the concentration of the protein in a sample or samples obtained from one or more subjects that have not responded to treatment with the JAK inhibitor. 13-16. (canceled)
 17. A method of treating a human subject having, suspected of having, or at risk of developing Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD), comprising: measuring, in a first biological sample obtained from the human subject prior to administering a JAK inhibitor, the concentration of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINK1, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, RORI, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLEC12, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECIA, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSFIOA, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIG1, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLECIA, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIEl, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSF13, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, Nr-CAM, PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICAi, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSABI, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPL1, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CA13, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBPlB, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA; administering the JAK inhibitor to the human subject; and measuring, in a second biological sample obtained from the human subject after administering the JAK inhibitor, a reduced concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of PRKRA, GSAP, hOSCAR, STX16, TCN2, PSMA1, CD48, CLSTN2, GCNT1, SIGLEC1, TRIM5, CD244, SOST, CD200R1, TXLNA, CRX, ITGB2, ICA1, FOXO1, LY9, ERBB2IP, TLT-2, FCGR2A, IL-5R-alpha, FCGR3B, CD74, TPSAB1, GP6, SCAMP3, PGLYRP1, LAG3, SELP, IRF9, PTX3, FASLG, MESDC2, INPPL1, TYMP, MBL2, PAPPA, SNAP23, NEMO, TRANCE, AHCY, ARHGEF12, SNAP29, IRAK4, HCLS1, CA13, CRKL, PRDX5, YES1, CEACAM8, AXIN1, GRAP2, CD84, ICAM3, VSIG4, THBS4, CRTAM, PDCD1, PIK3AP1, NUB1, SLAMF8, DCTN1, CASP-3, IL-24, PPP1R9B, LAT2, DDX58, FKBPlB, MAP4K5, MMP-9, CD27, ITGB1BP2, SELL, AREG, KLRD1, ANG-1, CCL5, CCL17, CD6, SKAP1, EGF, DAPP1, LAT, CD5, SH2D1A, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, APLP1, CST5, CCL11, CX3CL1, RAGE, CD70, MSLN, FGF-23, SPINKI, DKK3, REN, VEGFA, CYR61, ITGB6, MMP7, CCL20, TGF-alpha, TN-R, SERPINA12, CADM3, RSPO3, MUC-16, CDON, TNFRSF19, RGMB, TMPRSS15, TACSTD2, SCGB3A2, CNTN1, IGF1R, DDC, NTF4, SCARF2, MYOC, SORCS2, MOG, ROR1, VSIG2, LTBP2, ITGB5, ADAM 22, EDA2R, SCGB3A1, CA6, hK8, PSIP1, AMN, NCAM1, COLECi2, AGR2, P4HB, MAD homolog 5, CA12, DNER, TMPRSS5, LPL, GDNFR-alpha-3, GT, VEGFD, JAM-B, TGFBR3, ADAM 23, PDGFC, XG, TNFRSF13B, PON3, LAMA4, MSMB, TNFRSF4, PLC, TFF3, uPA, B4GAT1, DKKL1, ST3GAL1, WNT9A, LRP11, MMP-2, SEZ6L2, RARRES2, OPG, AGRP, SERPINA9, TF, GPNMB, PCSK9, INHBC, PAM, CLECI1A, BMP-4, BCAN, TNFRSF12A, GIF, CES2, STC1, LRRN1, TWEAK, ADM, METRNL, CD200, CD83, SKR3, CD109, TRAIL, ACAN, CCL3, BOC, BCL2L11, PDGFRB, PRTG, SEZ6L, MDGA1, FLRT2, NTRK2, NPTXR, DRAXIN, OMD, COL1A1, CXL17, AGR3, FUT3/FUT5, WFIKKN2, NPDC1, ERBB4, TNFSF13B, CCL15, GALNT2, NTRK3, CCL16, GDNF, Gal-4, VIM, KLK13, MMP-10, SCARB2, CD300LG, IGSF3, NCAN, IL1RL2, Gal-1, ANGPTL3, PCDH17, UNC5C, LOX-1, NUCB2, CNTN2, TR-AP, MASP1, BCAM, NT-3, CCDC80, LAYN, AMBP, DLK-1, KLK10, GPC1, ENAH, CLUL1, XPNPEP2, CTSL1, GCP5, DCN, COMP, MIA, CNTN5, FCRLB, IGF2R, TRAIL-R2, CRHBP, Dkk-4, SPINT1, AP-N, MMP-3, B4GALT1, FGF-5, SSC4D, ERBB2, CRISP2, PAMR1, CNTN4, MERTK, PRELP, ENTPD6, EDIL3, PREB, TGFBI, ITGAV, SAA4, CLEC14A, IGFBPL1, MFAP5, PLA2G7, U-PAR, CANT1, PEAR1, EGFR, ST6GAL1, PODXL, TGFR-2, VASN, CD58, EFNA4, VEGFR-3, TFPI, CSTB, ROBO1, KLK6, LGMN, OPN, TNFRSFIOA, BLM hydrolase, CFC1, TIE2, QPCT, TYRO3, DDR1, NRP2, TREM1, ENTPD5, DPP6, CD99L2, AXL, MATN2, CPE, FURIN, S100A11, CPXM1, CDHR5, IL7, PDGF-R-alpha, FSTL3, HB-EGF, KLK12, PGF, F7, CTSD, OPTC, IFN-gamma-R1, PD-L2, HO-1, TNFRSF21, SPINT2, EZR, EDAR, SPON2, Alpha-2-MRAP, CD4, APOM, ESAM, ARSA, IL-17D, LRIG1, SEMA3F, EPHB6, CTSH, SCARA5, ALCAM, WFDC2, IL7R, SORT1, VEGFR-2, WISP-1, NOV, F11, LTBR, GALNT10, PIgR, DLL1, SPINK5, CLECIA, ERBB3, CD164, CKAP4, PODXL2, PTK7, PTH1R, ENPP2, GFRA2, BST1, CD97, MRC2, TIE1, NOMO1, ITGB1, UMOD, IGFBP-7, EPHA2, SHPS-1, BAMBI, SEMA4C, CDH5, CSF-1, NID1, ICAM-2, MARCO, LAP TGF-beta-1, AMIGO2, TNFSF13, PAR-1, IL-17RA, TM, SOD2, CD59, ADAM-TS13, CRIM1, PVR, CEACAM1, CTSS, and Nr-CAM.
 18. The method of claim 17, comprising: measuring, in a first biological sample obtained from the human subject prior to administering a JAK inhibitor, the concentration of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, Gal-3, TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA; administering the JAK inhibitor to the human subject; and measuring, in a second biological sample obtained from the human subject after administering the JAK inhibitor, a reduced concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of TNC, CD69, ZBTB16, CXCL11, TANK, CD2AP, LAIR-2, ST1A1, STK4, CXCL9, GZMB, GZMH, SIT1, BANK1, CXCL10, RNASE3, PDGF subunit B, and IL2-RA, and/or an increased concentration, as compared to the first biological sample, of at least one protein selected from the group consisting of EPO, THPO, GCG, FGF-21, Flt3L, CCL28, FABP4, FAM3B, IL6, FABP2, CCL25, VWC2, FAM19A5, PLIN1, MCP-1, NPPC, SCF, FBP1, SMOC2, TSHB, hK14, IL8, CD8A, PPY, CPA2, CHRDL2, BMP-6, FAM3C, TNNI3, MK, ADAM-TS 15, MMP12, CEACAM5, CXCL16, hK11, SLITRK2, GHRL, KAZALD1, Notch 3, CLMP, TFPI-2, GDF-2, GAL, Ep-CAM, IGFBP-1, GDF-8, CTRC, LEP, GDF-15, ROBO2, FR-alpha, KIM1, and Gal-3.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein a second therapeutic agent is administered to the human subject in combination with the JAK inhibitor.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the second therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid, methotrexate, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, antithymocyte globulin, alemtuzumab, cyclophosphamide, ibrutinib, imatinib, infliximab, etanercept, tocilizumab, alemtuzumab, basiliximab, daclizumab, rituximab, denileukin diftitox, pentostatin, ciclosporin, thalidomide, halofuginone, hydroxychloroquine, or mesenchymal stem cells.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the second therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the corticosteroid is methylprednisolone or prednisone.
 23. (canceled)
 24. (canceled)
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample is blood, serum, plasma, urine, spinal fluid, saliva, lacrimal fluid, or sweat.
 26. (canceled)
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the protein is measured by an immunological method.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the immunological method is selected from the group consisting of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, latex turbidimetric immunoassay, latex photometric immunoassay, immuno-chromatographic assay, and western blotting.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the protein is measured by mass spectrometry.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the JAK inhibitor is ruxolitinib.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein the JAK inhibitor is itacitinib, 4-[3-(cyanomethyl)-3-(3′,5′-dimethyl-1H,1′H-4,4′-bipyrazol-1-yl)azetidin-1-yl]-2,5-difluoro-N-[(1S)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethyl]benzamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or ((2R,5S)-5-{2-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl}tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)acetonitrile or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the GvHD is acute GvHD.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein the GvHD is chronic GvHD. 